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*** ANALYSIS FOR JPR PAPER *******************************
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log using "/Users/rt1287/Documents/REG_analysis_logg.log", replace

use "/Users/rt1287/Documents/REC_JPR_final.dta"

*For the former, of the minority of countries worldwide for which we identified no requirement for ethics regulations, nearly half were found in the world's most conflict-affected or institutionally-fragile states as of 2020 (see Tables III and IV). 
tab rec if conflict==1|fragile==1 

tab rec

***11/23=0.478

*As of 2020, we were unable to find evidence of national-level requirements for ethical review in 23 countries (12%).
tab rec,m

*Table I: Countries with No Evidence of Ethical Review Framework as of 2020
tab country if rec==0

*Regions with the least ethical regulation include Oceania and the Caribbean (where we found no evidence of ethical review requirements in 43% and 27% of countries, respectively). Following are the Middle East and North Africa (20%), Africa (10%) and Asia (7%).
tab region rec,m row

*We find that national-level regulations focus predominately on biomedical research and clinical trials: only 21% (or 42 countries) extend regulation to the social sciences. However, for 12 countries that obligation is implicit (applying to all human subject research); for another 15 these obligations extend only to health-related social research. We found only 15 countries (8%) worldwide that explicitly require the ethical regulation of social sciences research. 
tab ss_review,m

*Table II: Countries with evidence of national-level ethics requirements for social sciences as of 2020
tab country if ss_review==1
tab country if ss_review==2
tab country if ss_review==3


*For example, 31% of all countries that extend ethical review to the social sciences (13 out of 42) provide guidelines that explicitly reference social sciences.  The rest either use the same guidelines as for biomedical sciences (29% or 12 countries), or do not provide guidance at all (40% or 17 countries). 
tab ss_guidelines ss_review,m row

*We identified only six countries worldwide that have social-science specific institutions at a national-level.
tab ss_inst,m

*WWe created a scalar variable to capture the lowest to highest expectations for review, finding a fairly even distribution in which 27% of countries regulate the social sciences implicitly (lowest level); 33% regulate health-related social science research; 18% explicitly regulate the social sciences, and the remaining 22% provide guidelines or institutions tailored to the social sciences (highest level)
tab ss,m

tab ss_scale,m

*Nearly 70% of countries for which we have data have quasi-centralized or centralized structures (48% and 22% respectively). In comparison, only 30% of countries have mixed (11%), quasi-decentralized (14%), or decentralized (5%) structures. 
tab centralization

*Quasi-centralized and centralized structures are especially popular in Africa and the Caribbean, where they account for 92% and 88% of countries respectively.
tab region centralization,row

*For countries with data, we find that 22% of countries (24 countries) have rules for foreign researchers. 
tab foreigners

*All countries that specify rules for foreigners are in the Global South, mainly in Africa (10), Oceania (8), and Asia (4). 
tab region foreigners,m

*Of the few countries with no evidence of ethics regulations, 48% were conflict-affected or institutionally fragile per the World Bank's 2020 classifications (see Tables III and IV, World Bank, 2023: 4).  
tab fragcon rec,m row

*Table III: High and Medium-Intensity Conflict (World Bank 2020 Classifications)
tab country rec if conflict==1
tab country ss_review if conflict==1

*Table IV: High Institutional and Social Fragility (World Bank 2020 Classifications)
tab country rec if fragile==1
tab country ss_review if fragile==1

*REG also shows that conflict-affected and fragile countries are especially likely to be centralized, with 88% having either centralized or quasi centralized systems, compared to 67% of countries not classed as conflict-affected or fragile.
tab fragcon centralization, row

*Where we have data, conflict-affected countries allow for charging fees across the board (100%, or 8 countries).
tab fragcon fees,m row

*Requirements for ethical review are now almost universal, present in at least 87% of countries. 
tab rec,m

*REG also highlights the prominent role of national governments in ethical regulation, with central governments maintaining significant influence in nearly 70% of countries. 
tab centralization


